Two additional system-based models are the IPO Model (Busnell, 1990) and the Model of the Transfer Process (Balwin and Ford, 1988) as referenced to in an abstract by Deniz Eservel, “Approaches to Evaluation of Training: Theory & amp; Practice”; and Evaluation in Organizations: a systematic approach to enhanced learning by Darlene F. Russ-Eft.
The IPO (Input, Process, Output/Outcome) Model begins with the Input stage. The input stage takes into consideration factors that will affect the training process such as materials, equipment, facilities, and qualifications of both the trainee and trainer. In the process stage, after much planning and designing, the training is provided to the trainees. The results of the training are then categorized as either output or outcome. Output is considered as “short-term benefit” while outcome is considered as “long-term results”. The output/outcome results then feed back into the input stage and the cycle begins again.
Baldwin and Ford’s (1988) Model of the Transfer Process is broken down into three stages: (1) Training input, (2) Training output, (3) Condition of transfer. Each of these stages are made up of individual factors such as the trainee’s abilities, personality and motivation (input); the design and delivery of training (output); and what was learned and how it was utilized on the job (transfer).
Both the IPO Model and Model of Transfer Process would be very beneficial in evaluating the training of a new software program. The trainee’s background in working with similar software programs would be an important input. The design and presentation of the program would need to be tailored around the trainee’s previous experience. Assuming the company the trainee works for is implementing the software, output would be immediate and job performance enhanced. Over the long run, outcome would be improved through productivity of the trainee.
Although not a new innovation, the Go Green campaign of recent years has inspired the use of the reusable shopping bag. The relative advantage of the reusable shopping bag is in the decrease of pollution from the production of plastic bags; as well as, the reduction of plastic bags which ends up in our landfills, or worse, as litter. With regards to compatibility, many different types of bags, made from a variety of materials can used as reusable shopping bags and are just as reliable, if not better, at carrying items previously toted in plastic bags. There is nothing complex about a shopping bag, other than remembering to bring it with you when you go shopping. Most stores now offer reusable shopping bags at an inexpensive price at the check-out counter for patrons wishing to try and or switch from plastic bags and for those who may have forgotten to bring a reusable bag. Observable benefits of the reusable shopping bag are the reduction of waste and oil consumption to make plastic bags. According to the Reusable Bags Depot,
An EPA ranking of chemicals that produce the most hazardous waste showed 5 of the top 6 were used by the plastics industry; and, an estimated 12 million barrels of oil is required to produce the plastic bags used in the US each year.( http://www.reusablebagsdepot.com/reusable-bag-benefits.html)
The reusable shopping bag is not complex and is highly compatible to the plastic bag. Therefore, the only thing hindering the adoption of wide-spread use of the reusable shopping bags is people’s willingness to adopt them.
As the project manager assigned to develop a series of professional development sessions focusing on technology use in the classroom for teachers, I would first assemble a team that had experience at all levels of education from K-12. After meeting to discuss what needs teachers had in the way of professional development focusing on technology we would construct a plan of action to detail the series of sessions. As sessions are developed and delivered, the team would gain confidence and knowledge for future session developments. Feedback from session participants would had fuel to future development and the team would continue to create and present timely technologically relevant sessions.
Go green is an innovation - an innovation can be an idea too. Reusable shopping bags and the idea of them is a great innovation!
ReplyDeleteI like the Output and Outcome differences listed in the IPO model. It is valuable to remember the differences between these two things.
ReplyDelete